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an etymological dictionary of astronomy and astrophysics english-french-persian فرهنگ ریشه شناختی اخترشناسی-اخترفیزیک m. heydari-malayeri - paris observatory homepage : : -- A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z preliminaries پیشگفتار the iau dictionary of astronomical concepts embed this dictionary in your google chrome web browser abstract: there is a need for a reliable and comprehensive reference source providing the definitions of all the concepts, from the oldest to the newest, used in astronomy and astrophysics. considerable efforts have so far been made to gather a large number of astronomical concepts. despite their valuable utility, these references, however, do not meet the requirements of completeness and up-to-dateness not to mention other considerations, including the fact that they are not interdisciplinary oriented, nor freely accessible. the present etymological dictionary of astronomy and astrophysics, created at paris observatory, tries to meet this need. moreover, a semantic tool, called astroconcepts, appended to the dictionary provides definitions of astronomical concepts present on web pages. thanks to this tool, if one selects an astronomical concept on a web page, a pop-up window will display the definition of the available english or french terms. another tool provides a concept map, or conceptual diagram, of each concept by displaying relationships with other concepts. a working group, set up at the iau commission 46, aims at developing the dictionary into a multilingual online dictionary of astronomical concepts. 1. rationale there is a need for a reliable and comprehensive reference source providing the definitions of all the concepts, from the oldest to the newest, used in astronomy and astrophysics. valuable efforts have so far been made to gather a large number of astronomical concepts; for example the four-volume work by klecze & kleczkova (1990), which also gives the equivalents in six european languages, but does not provide the definitions of concepts. we can also mention the four-volume set encyclopedia of astronomy and astrophysics (murdin, 2001), which deals with many topics with ample explanations in articles aimed at astronomers. there are also numerous astronomical dictionaries intended for amateur astronomers and a larger public (among the most recent ones, one can mention, e.g., riadpath, 2012 and daintith & gould 2009). despite their valuable utility, these references, however, do not meet the requirements of completeness and up-to-dateness not to mention other considerations, including the fact that they are not interdisciplinary oriented, nor freely accessible. an exhaustive concept base would make life easier, because instead of searching definitions through sparse subset references, one could have access to all the available definitions at one go. besides practical use, it would be interesting to collect in a single source all the astronomical concepts that have ever been created. it would be even more helpful to be able to access such a source freely online as a database that would get enriched on a monthly basis through the inclusion of new concepts created in current research work. this aspect contrasts with usual dictionaries which are updated only at intervals of several years. such a concept source is being developed at paris observatory in the form of an interactive database (mysql/php) called an etymological dictionary of astronomy and astrophysics (edaa). currently it contains the definitions of about 13,000 english entries, with their french and persian equivalents. each definition is checked by specialist astronomers at paris observatory or other international research institutes. in this sense it is a collaborative international endeavor that should serve various research, educational, and development goals, such as those defined by the international astronomical union, in particular its current commission 46, which seeks to promote the development and improvement of astronomical education at all levels through the world (jones, 2012). more detailed information about various aspects of the dictionary is given elsewhere ( heydari-malayeri, 2009 , heydari-malayeri et. al., 2012 ). moreover, thanks to the experience of vo-paris data center staff in semantic web at paris observatory, nicolas moreau has developed a software extension, called astroconcepts , that gives access to definitions of the edaa from any web page. astroconcepts interrogates a skos (simple knowledge organization system, isaac & summers, 2009) version of the edaa. this formal language is recommended by the international virtual observatory alliance (ivoa) to create knowledge organization system information in a semantic web compatible form. skos is a common data model for expressing the basic structure and content of concept schemes, such as thesauri, classification schemes, taxonomies, subject heading systems, and other similar types of controlled vocabularies. an immediate application of the astroconcepts tool is to have access to the definition of any astronomical term, or that in a related field of knowledge, on any web page. its installation is a very simple operation requiring just a couple of clicks. once installed and activated, readers can underline a concept on a web page to get access to its definition as provided by the edaa. selected words can be either in french or english, while the definitions, appearing in a pop-up window, are in english. another embedded application allows the user to display the relationships between the concepts. 2. some features of the dictionary the dictionary is intended for professional and amateur astronomers, university students in astrophysics, as well as terminologists and linguists, especially those interested in the etymology of indo-european languages. some of the particularities of this work are specified below. 2.1 word filiation. the origin, history, and the way in which a term is composed provide the reader with an additional dimension of the concept. the etymology section is in fact the interface between physical and human sciences. the edaa is indeed the first fully fledged etymological dictionary in this field. the dictionary is careful about the linguistic and terminological aspects of the terms, their morphological structure, and, in a broader scope, the mechanisms that govern a scientific language. 2.2 multidisciplinarity . astronomy is tightly related to other branches of knowledge. it even includes other sciences in subfields such as astrobiology, astrochemistry, astrogeology, planetary meteorology, and so on. the dictionary therefore contains a large number of terms in physics, mathematics, geology, meteorology, including logic and philosophy. the hypertext ability enables the reader to move on from a given concept to related ones. moreover, the dictionary also guides the reader to families of associated concepts in astronomy as well as other fields of knowledge. owing to new informatics tools resulting from technological advances, we are now able to transcend the partial scope of disciplinary worldviews. innovative integrated approaches involving synergy from different backgrounds are indispensable for the production and diffusion of knowledge. initiatives are underway to expand the multidisciplinary aspects of this work. although more and more specialization for scientific progress is inevitable, inter-, multi-, and transdisciplinary initiatives are necessary to overcome the compartmentation of knowledge. 2.3 educational and cultural vocations. the dictionary is intent on providing the most recent concepts in astrophysics. it is at the same time careful to explain the previous concepts upon which the new ones are based. this chain of reasoning enables the dictionary to contain the most basic concepts and be self-sufficient. moreover, such didactic method should make the outcome user-friendly. a new culture based on information is chang
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